On a clear night, with a decent amateur telescope, Saturn and its series of remarkable rings can be seen from Earth\u2019s surface. But how did those rings come to be? And what can they tell us about Saturn and its moons, one of the potential locations NASA hopes to search for life? A new series of supercomputer simulations has offered an answer to the mystery of the rings\u2019 origins \u2013 one that involves a massive collision, back when dinosaurs still roamed the Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
According to new research by NASA and its partners, Saturn\u2019s rings could have evolved from the debris of two icy moons that collided and shattered a few hundred million years ago. Debris that didn\u2019t end up in the rings could also have contributed to the formation of some of Saturn\u2019s present-day moons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cThere\u2019s so much we still don\u2019t know about the Saturn system, including its moons that host environments that might be suitable for life,\u201d said Jacob Kegerreis, a research scientist at NASA\u2019s Ames Research Center in California\u2019s Silicon Valley. \u201cSo, it\u2019s exciting to use big simulations like these to explore in detail how they could have evolved.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
NASA\u2019s Cassini mission helped scientists understand just how young \u2013 astronomically speaking \u2013 Saturn\u2019s rings and probably some of its moons are. And that knowledge opened up new questions about how they formed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
To learn more, the research team turned to the Durham University location of the Distributed Research using Advanced Computing (DiRAC) supercomputing facility in the United Kingdom. They modeled what different collisions between precursor moons might have looked like. These simulations were conducted at a resolution more than 100 times higher than previous such studies, using the open-source simulation code, SWIFT, and giving scientists their best insights into the Saturn system\u2019s history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Saturn\u2019s rings today live close to the planet, within what\u2019s known as the Roche limit \u2013 the farthest orbit where a planet\u2019s gravitational force is powerful enough to disintegrate larger bodies of rock or ice that get any closer. Material orbiting farther out could clump together to form moons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
By simulating almost 200 different versions of the impact, the team discovered that a wide range of collision scenarios could scatter the right amount of ice into Saturn\u2019s Roche limit, where it could settle into rings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
And, while alternative explanations haven\u2019t been able to show why there would be almost no rock in Saturn\u2019s rings \u2013 they are made almost entirely of chunks of ice \u2013 this type of collision could explain that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cThis scenario naturally leads to ice-rich rings,\u201d said Vincent Eke, Associate Professor in the Department of Physics\/Institute for Computational Cosmology, at Durham University and a co-author on the paper. \u201cWhen the icy progenitor moons smash into one another, the rock in the cores of the colliding bodies is dispersed less widely than the overlying ice.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ice and rocky debris would also have hit other moons in the system, potentially causing a cascade of collisions. Such a multiplying effect could have disrupted any other precursor moons outside the rings, out of which today\u2019s moons could have formed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
But what could have set these events in motion, in the first place? Two of Saturn\u2019s former moons could have been pushed into a collision by the usually small effects of the Sun\u2019s gravity \u201cadding up\u201d to destabilize their orbits around the planet. In the right configuration of orbits, the extra pull from the Sun can have a snowballing effect \u2013 a \u201cresonance\u201d \u2013 that elongates and tilts the moons\u2019 usually circular and flat orbits until their paths cross, resulting in a high-speed impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Saturn\u2019s moon Rhea today orbits just beyond where a moon would encounter this resonance. Like the Earth\u2019s Moon, Saturn\u2019s satellites migrate outward from the planet over time. So, if Rhea were ancient, it would have crossed the resonance in the recent past. However, Rhea\u2019s orbit is very circular and flat. This suggests that it did not experience the destabilizing effects of the resonance and, instead, formed more recently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The new research aligns with evidence that Saturn\u2019s rings formed recently, but there are still big open questions. If at least some of the icy moons of Saturn are also young, then what could that mean for the potential for life in the oceans under the surface of worlds like Enceladus? Can we unravel the full story from the planet\u2019s original system, before the impact, through to the present day? Future research building on this work will help us learn more about this fascinating planet and the icy worlds that orbit it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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